The impact of ambient temperature on lithium-ion battery performance is very significant — it almost determines the battery’s available capacity, power performance, cycle life, and safety.  Recommendations:
Keep the battery operating around 20–25 °C (room temperature) for best performance.
Preheat the battery before using it in low temperatures, and ensure proper cooling during high-temperature operation — this is key to improving the performance and lifespan of lithium-ion batteries.

Precautions for Using Batteries in Low-Temperature Environments
🧊 1. Preheat Before Charging

Charging directly at low temperatures can cause lithium dendrite formation on the anode surface, which may pierce the separator and trigger thermal runaway.
Do not charge directly when the battery temperature ≤ 0 °C.
First, use a Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) or an external heating device to raise the battery temperature to 15–25 °C before starting to charge.

⚡ 2. Reduce Discharge Rate and Avoid High Currents

At low temperatures, internal resistance increases and voltage drops quickly, which may trigger undervoltage protection.
Limit discharge current (≤ 0.5C) and avoid high-power output (e.g., sudden acceleration in electric vehicles or heavy-load starts).

🔋 3. Reduce Charging Rate and Control Charging Speed

If the environment is slightly below room temperature but charging is required, use low-current slow charging (≤ 0.2C).
Continuously monitor battery temperature and do not continue charging if the temperature is below 0 °C.

📦 4. Store Batteries Properly

When not in use:
Keep the battery charge around 40–60%. Store in a dry environment at 5–15 °C.
Avoid prolonged storage in subzero or high-humidity conditions, which can cause repeated SEI film cracking and increased electrolyte viscosity, leading to permanent capacity loss.

🧩 5. Use a Battery Management System (BMS)

Low-temperature usage must be paired with a BMS to:
Continuously monitor temperature, voltage, and current
Control charge/discharge strategies (current limiting, heating, or cut-off)
The BMS is essential for preventing low-temperature damage and ensuring safety.

Novaic GR series batteries come with 4 strategically placed sensors for full coverage and a full surround heating system. This design ensures consistent temperature across all cells for optimal performance and safety in any environment.

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